<span class="mw-headline">Marshalling</span><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 122px;"><a class="internal" title="Arms of an Anglican bishop marshalled with those of the diocese (left shield) and spouse (right shield)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:COAanglicanmarried.gif"><img class="thumbimage" height="142" alt="Arms of an Anglican bishop marshalled with those of the diocese (left shield) and spouse (right shield)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/COAanglicanmarried.gif/120px-COAanglicanmarried.gif" width="120" longdesc="/wiki/Image:COAanglicanmarried.gif"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right;"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:COAanglicanmarried.gif"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"/></a></div>Arms of an Anglican bishop marshalled with those of the diocese (left shield) and spouse (right shield)</div></div></div><p>If a bishop is a diocesan bishop, it is customary for him to combine his arms with the arms of the diocese following normal heraldic rules.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-15"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-15">[16]</a></sup> This combining is termed <a title="Heraldry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling">marshalling</a>, and is normally accomplished by <a title="Impalement (heraldry)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)">impalement</a>, placing the arms of the diocese to the viewer's left (<i>dexter</i> in heraldry) and the personal arms to the viewer's right. The arms of <a title="Thomas Arundel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a>, <a title="Archbishop of Canterbury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, are found impaled with those of the See in a document from 1411.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-16"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-16">[17]</a></sup> In <a title="Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germany</a> and <a title="Switzerland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a title="Quartering (heraldry)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)">quartering</a> is the norm rather than impalement. <a title="Guy Selvester" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Selvester">Guy Selvester</a>, an American ecclesiastical heraldist, says if arms are not designed with care, marshalling can lead to "busy", crowded shields. This can be avoided by placing a smaller shield overlapping the larger shield, known as an <a title="Inescutcheon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> or escutcheon of pretense. In the arms of <a title="Heinrich Mussinghoff" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Mussinghoff">Heinrich Mussinghoff</a>, <a title="Bishop of Aachen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Aachen">Bishop of Aachen</a>, the personal arms are placed in front of the diocesan arms, but the opposite arrangement is found in front on the arms of <a title="Paul Gregory Bootkoski" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gregory_Bootkoski">Paul Gregory Bootkoski</a>, Bishop of <a title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metuchen">Metuchen</a>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-17"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-17">[18]</a></sup>
<a title="Cardinal (Catholicism)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)">Cardinals</a> sometimes combine their personal arms with the arms of the Pope who named them a cardinal. As <a title="Prefecture for the Pontifical Household" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_for_the_Pontifical_Household">Prefect of the Pontifical Household</a>, Jacques Martin impaled his personal arms with those of three successive pontiffs.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-18"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-18">[19]</a></sup> A married Anglican bishop combines his arms with those of his wife and the diocese on two separate shields placed accollé, or side-by-side.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-19"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-19">[20]</a></sup></p><p><a title="Roman Catholicism in Great Britain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Great_Britain">Catholic bishops in England</a> use only their personal arms, as dioceses established by the <a title="Holy See" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See">See of Rome</a> are not part of the <a title="Church of England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England">state-established Church</a> and cannot be recognized in law.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-20"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-20">[21]</a></sup> If a <a title="Suffragan bishop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop">suffragan</a> or <a title="Auxiliary bishop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop">auxiliary bishop</a> has a personal coat of arms, he does not combine it with the arms of the diocese he serves.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-21"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-21">[22]</a></sup></p><p><a id="Around_the_shield" name="Around_the_shield"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"><font size="3">[</font><a title="Edit section: Around the shield" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_heraldry&action=edit&section=5"><font size="3">edit</font></a><font size="3">]</font></span><font size="3">
<span class="mw-headline">Around the shield</span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 172px;"><a class="internal" title="Arms of Archbishop Vicente Joaquim Zico with a green galero (hat), pallium and a cross with two horizontal bars above the shield" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brasão_Dom_Vicente_Joaquim_Zico.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="203" alt="Arms of Archbishop Vicente Joaquim Zico with a green galero (hat), pallium and a cross with two horizontal bars above the shield" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Bras%C3%A3o_Dom_Vicente_Joaquim_Zico.jpg" width="170" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Bras%C3%A3o_Dom_Vicente_Joaquim_Zico.jpg"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right;"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brasão_Dom_Vicente_Joaquim_Zico.jpg"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"/></a></div>Arms of Archbishop <a class="extiw" title="pt:Vicente_Joaquim_Zico" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Joaquim_Zico">Vicente Joaquim Zico</a> with a green galero (hat), <a title="Pallium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallium">pallium</a> and a cross with two horizontal bars above the shield</div></div></div><p>The shield is the core of heraldry, but other elements are placed above, below, and around the shield. The entire composition is called the achievement of arms. Some of these accessories are unique to Church armory or differ notably from those which normally accompany a shield.</p><p><a id="Ecclesiastical_hat" name="Ecclesiastical_hat"></a></p><h3><span class="editsection"><font size="3">[</font><a title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical hat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_heraldry&action=edit&section=6"><font size="3">edit</font></a><font size="3">]</font></span><font size="3">
<span class="mw-headline">Ecclesiastical hat</span></font></h3><p>The hat called a galero (or gallero) is a distinctive part of the achievement of a Roman Catholic cleric. The galero was originally a pilgrim's-style hat like a sombrero, granted in red to cardinals by <a title="Pope Innocent IV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> at the <a title="First Council of Lyon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a> in the 13th century, and was adopted by heraldry almost immediately. The galero in various colors and forms was used in heraldic achievements starting with its adoption in the arms of bishops in the 16th century. By the 19th century it was viewed as specifically "Catholic".<sup class="reference" id="_ref-22"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-22">[23]</a></sup> The galero is ornamented with tassels (also termed <i>houppes</i> or <i>fiocchi</i>) indicating the cleric's place in the hierarchy; the number became significant beginning in the 16th century, and the meaning was fixed in 1832.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-23"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-23">[24]</a></sup> A bishop's heraldic galero is green with six tassels on each side; the color originated in <a title="Roman Catholicism in Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Spain">Spain</a> where formerly the green hat was actually worn by bishops.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-24"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-24">[25]</a></sup> A <a title="Territorial abbot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_abbot">territorial abbot</a> is equivalent to a bishop and uses a green galero. An <a title="Archbishop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop">archbishop</a>'s galero is green but has ten tassels. <a title="Roman Catholicism in Switzerland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Switzerland">Bishops in Switzerland</a> formerly used ten tassels like an archbishop because they were under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See and not part of an archepiscopal <a title="Ecclesiastical province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province">province</a>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-25"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-25">[26]</a></sup> Both <a title="Patriarch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch">patriarchs</a> and cardinals have a galero with fifteen tassels, but a patriarch's galero is green while a cardinal's is red or scarlet. The patriarch's tassels are interwoven with gold.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-26"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-26">[27]</a></sup>
<a title="Primate (religion)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(religion)">Primates</a> may use the same external ornaments as patriarchs.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-27"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-27">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-28"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-28">[29]</a></sup></p><p>The depiction of the galero in arms can vary greatly depending on the artist's style. Typically the top of the hat is flat and the brim is wide. However, the brim can be rendered much narrower, and the top can be domed. Such variants look like a <a title="Cappello romano" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappello_romano">cappello romano</a> with tassels, but in heraldry it is still considered a galero. The tassels may be represented simply as knotted cords.</p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px;"><a class="internal" title="Cardinal Joseph Zen with a violet galero in his arms, and the simple Latin cross, as bishop of Hong Kong (before becoming a cardinal)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Zen_motto.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="227" alt="Cardinal Joseph Zen with a violet galero in his arms, and the simple Latin cross, as bishop of Hong Kong (before becoming a cardinal)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Zen_motto.jpg/150px-Zen_motto.jpg" width="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Zen_motto.jpg"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right;"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Zen_motto.jpg"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"/></a></div>Cardinal <a title="Joseph Cardinal Zen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Zen">Joseph Zen</a> with a violet galero in his arms, and the simple <a title="Christian cross" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross#Forms_of_the_Cross">Latin cross</a>, as bishop of <a title="Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</a> (before becoming a cardinal)</div></div></div><p><a title="Roman Catholicism in China" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_China">Chinese bishops</a> often avoid using green galero in their arms since "wearing a green hat" is the Chinese idiom for <a title="Cuckold" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckold">cuckold</a>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-29"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-29">[30]</a></sup> Rather than green, these bishops use a variety of colors from violet and black to blue, or scarlet if a cardinal.</p><p>Lesser prelates use other colors. The <a title="Superior general" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_general">superior general</a> of an order displays a black galero with six tassels on each side, while provincial superiors and abbots use a black galero with six or three tassels on each side, although <a title="Premonstratensian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premonstratensian">Norbertines</a> (White Canons) use a white galero. Violet hats were once actually worn by certain <a title="Monsignor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor">monsignors</a>,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-30"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-30">[31]</a></sup> and so in heraldry they have used a violet hat with red or violet tassels in varying numbers, currently fixed at six on each side. The lowest grade of monsignor, a Chaplain of His Holiness, uses a black hat with violet tassels.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-31"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-31">[32]</a></sup> Although a <a title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)">priest</a> would rarely assume arms unless he had an ancestral right to arms independent of his clerical state, a priest would use a simple black galero with a single tassel on each side. Priests who hold an office such as <a title="Rector" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector">rector</a> would have two tassels on each side.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-32"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-32">[33]</a></sup></p><p>Clergy of the Anglican Communion who are not bishops historically bore arms identical to a <a title="Laity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity">layman</a>, with a shield, helm and crest, and no ecclesiastical hat. In 1976 a system for <a title="Dean (religion)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)">deans</a> and <a title="Canon (priest)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)">canons</a> was authorized, allowing a black hat similar to a galero, black or violet cords, and three violet or red tassels on each side.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-33"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-33">[34]</a></sup> A priest may use a black and white cord with a single tassel on each side, and a <a title="Deacon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon">deacon</a> a hat without tassels. A <a title="Doctor of Divinity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> may have cords interwoven with red and a hat appropriate to the degree, and members of the <a title="Ecclesiastical Household" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Household">Ecclesiastical Household</a> add a <a title="Tudor rose" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_rose">Tudor rose</a> on the front of the hat. According to <i>Boutell's Heraldry</i>, this system represents the practice of the Church in England in the 16th century.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-34"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-34">[35]</a></sup></p><p>Within <a title="Presbyterianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> Church heraldry, a minister's hat is represented as black with a single blue tassel on each side, though a doctoral bonnet or Geneva cap may replace the galero.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-35"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-35">[36]</a></sup> The office of <a title="Presbyterian polity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_polity">moderator</a> does not have a corporate arms,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-36"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-36">[37]</a></sup> but for official occasions, a moderator may add tassels to his personal arms to indicate parity with offices of other churches: three for a moderator of a presbytery, six for a moderator of a regional synod, and ten for a <a title="Moderator of the General Assembly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly">moderator of the General Assembly</a>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-37"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-37">[38]</a></sup> Clergy of the <a title="Chapel Royal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Royal">Chapel Royal</a> display red tassels.</p><p><a id="Cross" name="Cross"></a></p><h3><span class="editsection"><font size="3">[</font><a title="Edit section: Cross" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_heraldry&action=edit&section=7"><font size="3">edit</font></a><font size="3">]</font></span><font size="3">
<span class="mw-headline">Cross</span></font></h3><p>The display of a cross behind the shield is restricted to bishops as a mark of their dignity.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-38"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-38">[39]</a></sup> The cross of an ordinary bishop has a single horizonal bar or traverse, also known as a <a title="Christian cross" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross#Forms_of_the_Cross">Latin cross</a>. A <a title="Patriarch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch">patriarch</a> uses the <a title="Patriarchal cross" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_cross">patriarchal cross</a> with two traverses, also called the <a title="Cross of Lorraine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine">cross of Lorraine</a>. The papal cross has three traverses, but this is never displayed behind the papal arms.</p><p>Beginning in the 15th century, the cross with a double traverse is seen on the arms of archbishops, and relates to their processional cross and the jurisdiction it symbolizes.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-39"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-39">[40]</a></sup> Except for cardinals of the <a title="Roman Curia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia">Roman Curia</a>, most cardinals head an archdiocese and use an archepiscopal cross on their arms. Other cardinals use a simple Latin cross,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-40"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-40">[41]</a></sup> as is found in the arms of <a title="Joseph Cardinal Zen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Zen">Joseph Zen</a>, <a title="Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_Hong_Kong">bishop of Hong Kong</a>, because Hong Kong is not an archdiocese.</p><p>Today all cardinals are required to be bishops, but priests named cardinal at an advanced age often petition the Pope for an exception to this rule. Since the cross is one heraldic emblem that only bishops have the right to bear, cardinals who are not consecrated bishops do not use it.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-41"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-41">[42]</a></sup> Notable examples are Cardinals <a title="Albert Vanhoye" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Vanhoye">Albert Vanhoye</a> and <a title="Avery Cardinal Dulles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Cardinal_Dulles">Avery Dulles</a>, although curiously the latter's arms do display a cross.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-42"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-42">[43]</a></sup></p><p><a id="Mitre_and_pallium" name="Mitre_and_pallium"></a></p><h3><span class="editsection"><font size="3">[</font><a title="Edit section: Mitre and pallium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_heraldry&action=edit&section=8"><font size="3">edit</font></a><font size="3">]</font></span><font size="3">
<span class="mw-headline">Mitre and pallium</span></font></h3><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px;"><a class="internal" title="Coat of arms of Francis de Sales, bishop of Geneva displayed on a oval shield with both mitre and galero above, and motto below" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Franz_von_Sales_Bischofswappen.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="181" alt="Coat of arms of Francis de Sales, bishop of Geneva displayed on a oval shield with both mitre and galero above, and motto below" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Franz_von_Sales_Bischofswappen.jpg/150px-Franz_von_Sales_Bischofswappen.jpg" width="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Franz_von_Sales_Bischofswappen.jpg"/></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right;"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Franz_von_Sales_Bischofswappen.jpg"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"/></a></div>Coat of arms of <a title="Francis de Sales" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Sales">Francis de Sales</a>, <a title="Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Lausanne,_Geneva_and_Fribourg#Geneva">bishop of Geneva</a> displayed on a oval shield with both mitre and galero above, and motto below</div></div></div><p>The <a title="Mitre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre">mitre</a> was placed above the shield of all persons who were entitled to wear the mitre, including abbots. It substituted for the <a title="Helmet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet">helmet</a> of military arms, but also appeared as a <a title="Crest (heraldry)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)">crest</a> placed atop a helmet, as was common in Germanic heraldry.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-43"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-43">[44]</a></sup> In the Anglican Church, the mitre is still placed above the arms of bishops as the ecclesiastical hat. In the Roman Catholic Church, the use of the mitre above the shield on the personal arms of clergy was suppressed in 1969, and is found only on corporate arms.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-44"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-44">[45]</a></sup> Previously, the mitre was usually included under the galero,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-45"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-45">[46]</a></sup> and even in the arms of a cardinal, who alone had the right to actually wear a galero; the mitre was not entirely displaced.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-46"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-46">[47]</a></sup></p><p>The mitre may be represented either gold or jewelled, the former more common in English heraldry.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-47"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-47">[48]</a></sup> A form of mitre with <a title="Coronet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet">coronet</a> is proper to the <a title="Bishop of Durham" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> because of his role as <a title="Prince-Bishop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishop">Prince-Bishop</a> of the <a title="County palatine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_palatine">palatinate</a> of Durham.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-48"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-48">[49]</a></sup> For similar reasons the Bishop of Durham and some other bishops display a <a title="Sword" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword">sword</a> behind the shield, pointed downward to signify a former civil jurisdiction.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-49"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-49">[50]</a></sup></p><p>The <a title="Pallium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallium">pallium</a> is a distinctive vestment of archbishops, and may be found on their arms as well as the corporate arms of archdioceses, displayed either above or below the shield. The pallium is sometimes seen within the shield itself. With the exception of <a title="Archbishop of York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York">York</a>, the archepiscopal dioceses in England and <a title="Ireland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland">Ireland</a> include the pallium within the shield.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-50"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry#_note-50">[51]</a></sup></p>
